Estimation of shear moduli of wood by quasi-simple shear tests

A quasi-simple shear test, which is the most direct method for examining the shear properties of sheet metals, has been applied to measure the shear moduli of wood. Buna (Fagus crenata Blume) with variously sized shear regions was used for the test specimens. Strain gauges were mounted in the center of the shear regions to measure the shear strains. The shear tests were carried out to determine the shear moduli in the radial and tangential planes. Apparent shear moduli obtained from the experimental results were corrected by finite element method (FEM) simulation of the shear region, where both shearing and bending are produced. It was found that the corrected shear moduli are roughly independent of test conditions, and their values are in good agreement with the data obtained from bending-shear tests. This suggests that the method employed here can effectively estimate the shear moduli of wood.Part of this research was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society of Materials Science, Osaka, May 2001     

Hydration behavior and compressive strength of cement mixed with exploded wood fiber strand obtained by the water-vapor explosion process

Poor compatibility was found between exploded wood fiber strand (WFS) and cement due to the excessive presence of water-soluble degraded polysaccharides in extractives of exploded WFS obtained from weathered wood waste treated by the water-vapor explosion process (WVEP). This study presents some comparative results from a continuing investigation on the compressive strengths of exploded WFS–cement mixtures. Based on results previously obtained with the hydration test, the relation between hydration behavior and compressive strength of the mixture was explored. In addition, the effect of the curing age on compressive strength development of the mixture with selected additive chemicals was examined. The results supported the results of early studies with hydration tests indicating that adding MgCl₂ to the mixtures of exploded WFS mixed with quick-curing cement or ordinary Portland cement and a composite of MgCl₂ + CaO added to the mixture of exploded WFS and furnace-slag cement effectively improved the hydration behaviors; it greatly enhanced the compressive strengths of mixtures as well. Compressive strengths were strongly correlated to maximum hydration temperatures (T_max) of wood–cement mixtures influenced by the cement type, wood wastes (treated or not with WVEP), additive chemicals, and their content levels. The results also indicated that adding selected chemicals had no significant effect on compressive strength among the mixtures of exploded WFS mixed, respectively, with three types of cement at a curing age of 180 days. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to identify the hydration products and to probe the element distribution of the mixture in the wood–cement interface zone from a fractured surface.Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002     

Bearing properties of engineered wood products I: effects of dowel diameter and loading direction

The embedment tests of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) with two moduli of elasticity (MOE; 7.8 GPa and 9.8GPa), parallel strand lumber (PSL), and laminated strand lumber (LSL) were conducted in accordance with ASTM-D 5764. The load-embedment relation for each of these engineered wood products (EWPs) was established. The directional characteristics of bearing strength (_e), initial stiffness (k _e), and effective elastic foundation depth were obtained from the tested results. The effective elastic foundation depth (=E/k _e,E = MOE), based on the theory of a beam on elastic foundation, was obtained from thek _e and MOE. An of 90° (perpendicular to the grain) was calculated by dividingE ₉₀ [MOE of 90° from the compression test, but MOE of 0° (E ₀), parallel to the grain, obtained from the bending test] byk _e90, the initial stiffness of 90°. This study aimed to obtain the bearing characteristics of each EWP, taking into consideration their anisotropic structures, for estimating the fastening strength of a dowel-type fastener. The relations between the bearing coefficients ( _e,k _e,) on the loading direction and dowel diameter were established from the load-embedment curves. Based on the results of the embedment test, tested EWPs showed different tendencies in all directions from wood and glued laminated timber.Part of this study was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999     

Critical discussion of perpendicular to grain tension testing of structural timber – case study on the European hardwoods ash,beech and maple

ABSTRACT

Knowledge about perpendicular to grain tension behavior of wood is essential, since in construction tension stresses perpendicular to grain cannot be avoided completely. Especially for hardwoods, the data basis is scarce. EN 338 design values are with 0.6 N/mm² characteristic strength set very low. The US-American National Design Specifications even set this value to zero and make local reinforcements mandatory. This paper compares strength and stiffness values attained with newly-designed, little, prismatic specimens and EN 408 structural timber specimens to evaluate the current European design values. Little specimen’s characteristic strength values range from 7.2 to 10.6?N/mm² and are assumed to be real material properties. EN 408 specimen values are with approximately 4.0?N/mm² lower. These lower values are mainly due to stress peaks introduced by the force introduction. Strength values attained for the medium-dense European hardwoods beech, ash and maple exceed EN 338 design values by a factor of six to seven. Adaptation of the EN 338 design value is not recommended, though. The abundance of influencing factors makes clear that the design value and the ensuing design code have to be synchronized carefully by tedious testing in order to make use of the perpendicular to grain tension strength potential of the selected hardwoods.     

外加剂和掺和料对砂浆性能影响的

当前，在水工棍凝土工程中，抹而砂浆的强度和抗渗性能越来越受到人们的重视通过对比试验，研究了减水剂、引气剂单掺、复掺及与硅粉、粉煤灰复掺，对砂浆强度和抗渗性能的影响，并从机理方面分析它们改善砂浆性能的原因结论是:减水剂、引气剂与硅粉、粉煤灰适当配比复掺，对砂浆的强度和抗渗性能的改善显著     

预拉处理对提高农用滚子链疲劳强度的影响

阐述了预拉能提高链条疲劳强度的机理，并通过对１２Ｂ农用滚子链进行预拉和不预拉的对比试验，对试验结果进行处理，表明预拉可以大幅度提高链条的疲劳强度，是一种经济有效而且易于实现的链条强度措施。     

折减系数在边坡中的应用

选择边坡内某些监测点的位移特征作为强度折减法的边坡破坏判据.为分析边坡滑面的位置和位移方式选取的合理性,分别对均质土坡建立数值模型,计算结果与实地调查相吻合.     

工程塑料泵叶轮强度计算

针对目前广泛使用的工程塑料泵叶轮，对叶片和盖板进行受力分析，得出不同比转数叶轮叶片所对应的系数k1。根据简化模型并应用轮盘理论，详细推导了塑料泵叶轮强度计算公式。结合应用实例，对几种常用工程塑料泵叶片和盖板的强度进行了校核。计算和分析表明：工程塑料中，UHMWPE和PP的部分牌号可以满足强度要求；而PPO和PVDF由于性能优良，可以满足强度要求，从而为泵用工程塑料的选择和使用提供了理论依据。     

棉秆力学性能试验

以创新棉958棉秆为试验材料,在万能试验机上对收割期的棉秆进行剪切、压缩、弯曲力学性能试验。试验结果表明：试样的含水率在30%～50%时,棉秆底部和中部的抗压强度、剪切强度较小,分别为1.66～3.13MPa、0.74～1.12MPa;试样的抗弯强度随含水率的升高而降低,试样底部弯曲强度为4.20～5.08MPa。在剪切、压缩、弯曲试验中,试样底部消耗的功分别为2.98～4.32N·m、2.91～4.34N·m、1.51～4.18N·m。     

不确定度在链条极限拉伸载荷测量中的应用

在链条极限拉伸载荷测量中引入了不确定度，通过大量的试验测试找出了影响不确定度的主要因煮。在此基础上，推导出计算链条极限拉伸载荷不确定度的公式，给出了不确定度在报告中的表述方法，讨论了不确定度对测量结果的影响。